Role Of Customs And Border Protection - 1644 Words

1 - What is the role of Customs and Border Protection (CBP) in securing trade in maritime ports? The role of the Customs and Border Protection (CBP) is to ensure all goods and people coming into the United States lawful and keeping contraband and WMD out of the United States. Additionally Customs and Border Protection (CBP) is responsible for international trade in and out of the United States. The policies and enforcement of the Customs and Border Protection (CBP) can make or break trade within the United States. The sole goal of Customs and Border Protection (CBP) is to protect the nations from all threats, while at the same time maintaining a balance trade between United States and the rest of the world. Customs and Border†¦show more content†¦By using technology Customs and Border Protection (CBP) is able to maintain their operation of finding weakness within the system and closing vulnerabilities before they are exploited. 2 - The Global Transportation System (GTS) has a big impact on just about every aspect of our daily life. Certainly, Port Management Security is well aware of the economic impact and the threat of disruption to the GTS. What are the four components of the GTS (air, sea, land, and rail transport systems) and what are the subsequent critical infrastructure within each that support these components of the GTS. The Global Transportation System (GTS) touches every aspect of human life. From the food we eat to the clothes we wear, they are all moved within the Global Transportation System GTS. Passenger travel from continent to continent using the Global Transportation System GTS. Even troops and equipment for war is moved within the GTS. Simply without the GTS and its four components of air, sea, land, and rail transports life would not be possible for much of the world. The size of the GTS has continue to grow due to more business operating now on a global scale. In addition, free trade through numerous agreements has open up opportunities worldwide. With the amount of goods and people being moved, be able to secure port either air or surface becomes that much difficult. TheShow MoreRelatedThe Role of U.S. Customs and Border Protection2503 Words   |  10 PagesTHE ROLE OF U.S. CUSTOMS AND BORDER PROTECTION The U.S. Customs and Border Protection (U.S. CBP) is one of the oldest law enforcement entities in the U.S., and has a rich history of protecting our borders. A historical overview and understanding of the U.S. Customs origins displays how over the centuries the strategic mission of the CBP has evolved to combat threats of specific time eras. U.S. Customs has grown from collecting of revenue during the 1800s to fighting the War on Drugs, and well intoRead MoreImmigration Act Of The Border1473 Words   |  6 PagesBorder Patrol began in 1904 when illegal crossings at the border were prevented by seventy five â€Å"mounted guards† who were given directives by the U.S immigration service to patrol the border (U.S. Customs and Border Protection, n.d). Patrols were, however, not consistent because of limited resources and little supervision. They attempted to prevent Chinese illegal migration as they patrolled along the border in California. However, from 1915, resources such as horses, cars and boats were added toRead MoreHydera1253 Words   |  6 PagesDissolution of the former U.S. Immigration and Naturalization and Customs Service and the creation of separate agencies under the Department of Homeland Security. The  United States Immigration and Naturalization Service  (INS) was an agency of the U.S. Department of Justice from 1933 to 2003. Referred to by some as  former INS  and by others as  legacy INS, the agency ceased to exist under that name on March 1, 2003, when most of its functions were transferred to three new entities –  U.S. CitizenshipRead MoreThe United States Border Patrol1532 Words   |  7 PagesThe United States Border Patrol has a mission and duty to protect our borders through regulating laws and preventing illegal terrorists, drugs, and weapons from entering the United States. This has been a clear goal ever since laws have been passed to help secure our borders back in 1924. The need for Border Patrol and the demand for tighter security plans have been increasing due to terrorist attacks on American soil, the presence of radical groups, and a high rate of crime in the United StatesRead MoreBorder Security1320 Words   |  6 PagesRunning head: Has Technology Improved Border Security Operations 1 Border Security Technology HAS TECHNOLOGY IMPROVED BORDER SECURITY OPERATIONS 2 Border Security Technology Border security is paramount to the security of the United States of America. There are 7,000 miles of land border with Canada and Mexico as well as numerousRead MoreHomeland Security Chapter 9-10 Essay923 Words   |  4 Pagesattempts and successes at border patrol. Beginning with the U.S customs and Border Protection, the Border Patrol office has like many other agencies, merged with the DHS following 9/11. The reason is because the Border Patrol is now after 9/11 been concerned with the prevention of terrorist’s entry. The Border Patrol also merged with customs, which has a long history with border patrol. The CBP has been charged with guarding 7000 miles of U.S Land border. The Border patrol has been very concernedRead MoreThe Security Administration ( Tsa )1133 Words   |  5 Pages Following the terrorist attacks of 9/11, congress passed sweeping changes to the security of aviation and border protection in the United States. Three agencies were significantly impacted by these changes and the aftermath of 9/11: Transportation Security Administration (TSA), U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP), and Federal Air Marshal (FAM). However, 14 years later is important to review the changes which were implemented by sweeping popularity following 9/11 and evaluate their effectivenessRead MoreArticle Analysis: Immigration Reforms901 Words   |  4 PagesReforms The immigration reforms that are yet to be enacted will see the United States government erect a 2000 mile fence along its border with Mexico. The question that still lingers on is whether the erection of this wall will provide a long lasting solution to illegal immigrants issue that has proved to an elephant in the room to the United States Customs and Border Protection agency (Fox News Latino, 2013). The erection of this enormous wall will mean that the government will more land from propertyRead MoreForeign Trade Zones ( Ftzs ) Essay918 Words   |  4 Pageswere established by the United States under the Foreign-Trade Zones Act of 1934 and are controlled by FTZ and CBP (Customs and Border Protection) Regulations (U.S. Customs and Border Protection, 2015). FTZs are authorized geographical locations that allow commercial merchandise including both foreign and domestic to be subject to laws as if it were outside the boundaries of U.S. Customs (Hawaii Foreign-Trade Zone No. 9, 2015). Manufacturers, importers, and exporters can hold goods within the zone andRead MoreThe Creation Of The Dhs1406 Words   |  6 PagesSecurity’s main concern has been on federal measures to prevent terrorism attacks and handle other crisis situations. When the Department of Homeland Security was created it had four goals: to diminish America’s vulnerability to terrorism by securing the borders, minimizing the damage and speed the recovery from attacks that happen to occur, to develop technologies devices to detect terrorism and to share all intelligence gathered from all federal agencies (Haulley, 2006). These four purposes of the Department

Characterization in Wuthering Heights Essay - 1743 Words

Wuthering Heights deals with the very nature of controversy and paradox. The novel expresses deep criticisms of social conventions, and Brontà « uses her characters in their incongruous surroundings to exemplify her concerns of the strict social code which she herself was expected to abide by, whilst remaining true to the principles she considered most important. Wuthering Heights challenges orthodoxy with heterodoxy, of which destruction and chaos triumph over social pretensions. The most undeniably constant difference of aesthetics and values that is presented to us is the juxtaposition of Thrushcross Grange and Wuthering Heights, initially personified by Lockwood and Heathcliff, `a dark skinned gypsy, respectively. Lockwood reckoned†¦show more content†¦Together, the overpowering strength of Catherine and Heathcliffs love challenges the very dominion of linear time, an idea that could only be considered possible, even by Lockwood, under the unexplainable forces at Wuthering Heights. Furthermore, when Catherine thinks she `was at home, `in my chamber at Wuthering Heights, when in fact she had locked herself in a room, she confesses to being confused about time, places and events, which is symbolic of the insignificance of time in relation to her own mental calendar. Heathcliff and Catherine as a pair demonstrated opposition to religious convention particularly following the death of their Father, where Josephs imposed religious instructions are juxtaposed with the pure, selfless thoughts of heaven of the grieving children. The death of Mr. Earnshaw also highlights the opposing ideals of physical body versus spirit. Earnshaw, the formerly philanthropic, loving and open man, is made cold and irritable by his physical weakness. Here, the spirit is corrupted by the bodys decline. More often, the novel emphasises a suggestion of the reverse. Catherines depressed spirit makes her weak and frustrated. Her mentality is reflected in terms of physical deterioration in order to draw attention to her inner psychological destruction. By experimenting with eating disorders, Catherine believed that she is in control of her physicalShow MoreRelatedEmily Brontes Wuthering Heights Essay983 Words   |  4 PagesEmily Brontes Wuthering Heights 1. What techniques are used in the characterization of Heathcliff? Effects? Heathcliff is associated with evil and darkness from the beginning of the novel. I felt his black eyes withdraw so suspiciously under their brows. (1) When LockwoodRead More Pride and Prejudice Essay: The Faults of Pride and Prejudice1751 Words   |  8 PagesAustens world is a microcosm of one level of society, a level wherein everything and everyone turns out kindly, whether they be heroes or villains, rich or poor, or proud or prejudice.   This is because unlike conventional romantic novels, like Wuthering Heights, there is no deeply passionate love displayed in this novel, no horrific consequences of being left without an annual inheritance, and even the alleged villains of the piece, like Wickham, are sprinkled with enough of the milk of human kindnessRead MoreEssay Prompts4057 Words   |  17 PagesAP ENGLISH LIT AND COMP FREE RESPONSE QUESTIONS 2004 (Form A): Critic Roland Barthes has said, â€Å"Literature is the question minus the answer.† Choose a novel or play and, considering Barthes’ Observation, write an essay in which you analyze a central question the work raises and the extent to which it offers any answers. Explain how the author’s treatment of this question affects your understanding of the work as a whole. Avoid mere plot summary. You may select a work from the list below or anotherRead MoreInterpretation of the Text13649 Words   |  55 Pagesdifferent details scattered through the text my also contribute to it. The setting may perform different functions in the story; some of them are given in the box below. Functions of the setting: †¢ evoking the atmosphere (mood); †¢ reinforcing characterization by either paralleling or contrasting the actions; †¢ reflecting the inner state of a character; †¢ placing a character in a realistic environment (place names, historical events); †¢ revealing certain features of a character (e.g. domestic environment);Read MoreVictorian Novel9605 Words   |  39 Pagesone transcending aspect to Victorian England life and society, that aspect is change. Nearly every institution of society was affected by rapid and unforeseeable changes.  As some writers greeted them with fear and others embraced the progress, this essay will guide a reader through an i mportant era in English literary history and introduce with the voices that influenced its shape and development. It was the novel that was the leading form of literature in the 19th century England. The term ‘novel’Read MoreThe Studio System Essay14396 Words   |  58 Pagesaspect of the business . During the 1920s, and 1930s the Hollywood film studios undertook a major evolutionary period. The inception of the Hollywood ‘studio system’ was to change the film making process radically. The following essay will examine how these changes took place, and what impact it had on the film making industry in America. We shall also examine how the system relates to the current production methods used in film making. The main issues raised within

Social Policy Development on Refugee Integration in Australia

Question: Discuss about theSocial Policy Development on Refugee Integration in Australia. Answer: Introduction Immigration is a major predicament in Australia (Ruth Tania, 2016). Expanding quantities of transients arrive each time, an in depth varieties of whom are outcasts seeking out shelter. Overdue international clashes have implied that numerous outcasts coming to Australian seashores are Muslim, moreover, this has postured new problems - each social and racial - to an inexorably various society. Until the Sixties, the legislature advised vagrants to take in into Australian tradition, the premise of which changed into English fashion foundations and qualities. Due to the way that numerous transients did no longer have even an important mastering of the English dialect, this strategy needs to be implausible. As a result, the approach of multiculturalism became supplied. Multiculturalism accompanied acknowledgment that ethnic groups ought to preserve up refinements, as an instance, terrific society and dialect without a hazard to the authenticity in their Australian citizenship. There is confirmation, though, of positive on this approach, specifically regarding subsidizing choices, and maximum simply in political talk and general assessment (Tazeiter, 2014). Research Problem Conflicts and other undesirable human environments have been driving people to other countries, and Australia is not an exception. There has simply been limited research carried out right here. However, non secular oppression together with conspicuously in UN meanings of evacuee popularity, and non secular institutions giving crisis assist to immigrants as well as encouraging their settlement, examinations about faith plus refugees are often constrained (Gozdziak, 2012). In this first rate Australian setting, I have analyzed troubles such as resettlement, open observation, what is more, racial issues concerning refugees in general. The Research Question What is the effect and impact of Social Policy Development on refugee integration in Australia? The Purpose of the Research Project Plan The primary propose of this research project is to establish the effect and impact of Social Policy Development on refugee integration in Australia. Moreover, it touches on the influence of the Muslim community in the country. The Objectives of the Research Project Plan The aims of this research project are: To demystify the asylum seekers in Australia To establish a favorable Social Development Policy Literature Review Notwithstanding the way that a large portion of the number of inhabitants in Australia is a vagrant or the offspring of a transient, what's more, more than 822,678 asylum seekers got a place to stay in Australia ever since the World War II (Gary Nikola, 2016). A standout amongst the most imperative components in evacuee resettlement is open view of their entry into the group and of their distinctive religious convictions what's more, practices. Firstly, there is next to no comprehension of an exile's predicament. Present day Australia has never encountered the full repulsions of delayed war and mistreatment all alone and this favorable luck squares cognizance of and compassion for the "push" components affecting a displaced person's choice to escape (Crock et al, 2016). There is likewise an absence of comprehension of the path where the bodily and mental injury connected with the outcast experience can prompt laziness; furthermore, this is accordingly regularly seen to be apathy. Such components facilitate preference along with numbness on the outcast procedure. The regularly mixed up thought that it is unlawful to look for asylum is one of the greatest obstructions to fruitful resettlement. Pundits frequently utilize these issues of relocation to show the incongruence of immigrants having the lifestyle of Australia (Casimiro et al, 2010). The "extra" in the public arena Notwithstanding the non-secular contrasts of Muslim asylum seekers, there are a hitch of unfairness mired in those troubles. Tazreiter, (2014) mentioned a 'social prejudice' in Australian customs, where lifestyle is deemed to be out of the social norms one-way or the other. Therefore, it prompts summed up grievances concerning the entire Islam; however, such objection has an ethnic perspective, as other people of Christian faith, for instance, are exposed to equal remedy. Casimiro et al, (2010) observed that the attitude of Muslims in Australia after September 2001 is that it is far opposed to American beliefs, present day in addition to self-governing societies. Foreigner Concerns Australian refugees are yet marginal, summing up to just 2.1% of the populace according to the census in 2008. Nonetheless, considering the political activities of the most recent decade, it is seemingly progressively hard for refugees to incorporate traditions of Australia. The Tampa prevalence of August 2001 and the way it was displayed in Australian TV implied that tension became emancipating, of being "overwhelmed" through immigrants. This was taken after almost by means of the activities of September 11 of 2001 in the US, and implied that Muslims and other refugees were consistently linked to the danger of psychological conflict (Klocker, 2014). Methodology The Labeling concept seems to be appropriate in this case and it is far the hypothesis of how the behavior of human beings is probably resolved or suffering from the terms used to portray or signify them. It is related with the thoughts of self-pleasurable prescience and stereotyping. Labeling concept holds that aberrance is not intrinsic to an illustration, but as an alternative concentrates on the inclination of extra components to contrarily call minorities or those visible as degenerate from desired social standards. This speculation was noticeable amid the Sixties and Seventies, and some changed diversifications of the speculation have created are nonetheless as of now outstanding (Anne Brian, 2012). Research Plan Design The research on the web indicates that the Muslim community and their rising population have contributed to the influx of refugees to Western Australia. Data Sources and Analysis Source: Chartbin, 2016 The population of Muslims in various parts of the world has been rising steadily; the figures of 2020 and 2030 are estimates according to Chartbin (2016). Therefore, they should be factored in when drafting a Social Policy, along with other refugees. Conclusion In large part, some Australians are unmindful about Islam and about the manner towards looking for refuge and relocation in Australia. The dominant group in that country overlooks the assorted features of observations; likewise, numerous regard asylum seekers as illicit outsiders essentially in mild in their faith (Casimiro et al, 2010). Numerous Australians of Christian legacy are often appreciably insensible concerning other creeds as well as the faith they assert as their personal. In sizeable element, such poor impressions regarding refugees are pushed through risky traits inside the legislature and the media, then recreated with the aid of the masses and given substance. by and large, asylum seekers are delivered as settling on a course for residing (Klocker, 2014). Those bad observations cause detachment and weakness in the midst of resettlement, and may be hazardous to the Australian strategy of housing several cultures in order to spur the economy. Likewise, it has recommenda tions for between national, social plus within non-secular members of a family in Australia. References Anne W. and Brian W. (2012) Canadian Social Policy: Issues and Perspectives, Wilfred Laurier Univ. Press Casimiro S., Hancock P., and Nothcort J. (2010) Isolation and Insecurity: resettlement issues among Muslim refugee women in Perth, W. A, Australian Journal of Social Issues, Vol. 30(5) Crock M., Saul B., Danmiel A. (2016) Future Seekers II: Refugees and irregular migration in Australia, The Federation Press, Australia Gary P. F and Nikola M. (2016) Handbook on Migration and Social Policy, Edward Elgar Publishing Gozdziak E. and Shandy D. (2012) Editorial introduction: Religion and Spiritauality in forced migration, Journal of Refugee Studies, Vol. 21 (5) Klocker N. (2014) Community antagonism towards Asylum Seekers in Port Augusta, Southern Australia, Australian Geographical Studies Ruth L. and Tania B. (2016) Social policy in a cold climate: Policies and their consequences since the crisis, Policy Press Tazeiter C. (2014) Asylum Seekers and the State: the politics of protection in a security conscious world, Ashgate Publishers Ltd

Midsummer Nights Dream And Love Essays (408 words) - Love, Hermia

Midsummer Nights Dream And Love What Makes Us Love? What makes us love? This question has been studied for centuries by philosophers, scientists, and even writers in search of a sensible answer. Shakespeare, for one, explored many ideas to justify love. In his play, "A Midsummer's Night Dream", he lists various thoughts on what he thinks causes people to love. Some are overwhelmingly ridiculous, while others make some sense. One of his far-fetched answers as to how people fall in love was Cupid. He believed Cupid would shoot his arrows of love into individuals, and they would magically fall for the next person they saw. "Cupid all armed. A certain aim he took/At a fair vestal throned by the west,/ and loosed his love-shaft smartly from his bow (2.1.163-65)." After the shot, the person wouldn't know what hit them. He intertwines this thought with the concept that one falls in love after looking in another's eyes. After missing a shot, one of Cupid's arrows hit a flower, tainting it with his powers to make people fall in love. When placed in a person's eyes, they will be infatuated with the next thing they see. For example, after being placed in his Lysander's eyes, his immense love for Hermia grows weak with just one look into Helena's eyes. Shakespeare's thought here is that eyes have all the power over who we fall for. Do not misunderstand him, though. His usage of this enchanting juice is not to be taken seriously. He is trying to make a point, and at that, a good one. Looking into someone's eyes had a certain power over one's feelings. You just get a strong feeling in your heart. It is uncontrollable, and sometimes, it truly is one of the main reasons we fall in love. However, he contradicts himself in act one when Helena says, "Love looks not with the eye, but with the mind (1.1.240)." He now states that the mind is what the person falls in love with, and not the eyes. It is true, however; you have to love a person's thoughts and ideas before you can feel that special passion for them. That is the key to true love. Although he had extremely different thoughts on the reasons we fall in love, they all made some sense. By contradicting his explanations, he, in my opinion, is making a point. He's pointing out the fact that he, too, doesn't really know the answer to the question of what makes us love. And he knows that no one ever will.

Free Essays on Protagonist In “A Good Man Is Hard To Find“

1. The Grandmother in â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† was a very interesting character whom I found myself liking very much. I found her to be very stereotypical of a southern grandmother. In fact, she reminded of my own grandmother! While she could come across as controlling or manipulative, I found her to be a good lady with quite a bit of style and a flare for conversation. When we enter the story, we are faced with the Grandmother arguing with her son, Bailey, about the family trip. â€Å"The Grandmother didn’t want to go to Florida.† As her point of argument, the Grandmother was pointing out the fact that an escaped convict who calls himself the Misfit has escaped from the Federal Pen and is heading to Florida. She argued that her conscious could never allow her to take her family in the direction of criminal of that kind. However, it seems that the Grandmother was really only saying this to try to get the family to go to Tennessee, instead, to visit some of her friends. Although at first it seems her family is simply treating her rudely by paying her no mind, I believe they were really just used to this kind of thing from the Grandmother. The Grandmother must not have been too concerned with the criminal on the loose, because she was the first in the car and ready to go the next morning. I found this all to be very cute in a com ical sort of way. Once in the car, the grandmother continued to amuse me. Going against her son Bailey’s wishes, she smuggled her cat, Pitty Sing, along for the trip. She was afraid that he might â€Å"miss her too much and she was afraid he might brush against one of the gas burners and accidentally asphyxiate himself.† This point shows how, much like other grandmother’s, the grandmother was a worrier in an almost silly sort of way. Most of us would never imagine our cats brushing a gas burner and suffocating in three days time, but the grandmother did, much like I could very well im... Free Essays on Protagonist In â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard To Findâ€Å" Free Essays on Protagonist In â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard To Findâ€Å" 1. The Grandmother in â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† was a very interesting character whom I found myself liking very much. I found her to be very stereotypical of a southern grandmother. In fact, she reminded of my own grandmother! While she could come across as controlling or manipulative, I found her to be a good lady with quite a bit of style and a flare for conversation. When we enter the story, we are faced with the Grandmother arguing with her son, Bailey, about the family trip. â€Å"The Grandmother didn’t want to go to Florida.† As her point of argument, the Grandmother was pointing out the fact that an escaped convict who calls himself the Misfit has escaped from the Federal Pen and is heading to Florida. She argued that her conscious could never allow her to take her family in the direction of criminal of that kind. However, it seems that the Grandmother was really only saying this to try to get the family to go to Tennessee, instead, to visit some of her friends. Although at first it seems her family is simply treating her rudely by paying her no mind, I believe they were really just used to this kind of thing from the Grandmother. The Grandmother must not have been too concerned with the criminal on the loose, because she was the first in the car and ready to go the next morning. I found this all to be very cute in a com ical sort of way. Once in the car, the grandmother continued to amuse me. Going against her son Bailey’s wishes, she smuggled her cat, Pitty Sing, along for the trip. She was afraid that he might â€Å"miss her too much and she was afraid he might brush against one of the gas burners and accidentally asphyxiate himself.† This point shows how, much like other grandmother’s, the grandmother was a worrier in an almost silly sort of way. Most of us would never imagine our cats brushing a gas burner and suffocating in three days time, but the grandmother did, much like I could very well im...

Types of Reduced Relative Clauses

Types of Reduced Relative Clauses Reduced relative clauses refer to the shortening of a relative clause which modifies the subject of a sentence. Reduced relative clauses  modify the subject and not  the object of a sentence.   Much like adjectives, relative clauses, also known as adjective clauses, modify nouns. The man who works at Costco lives in Seattle.I gave a book, which was written by Hemingway, to Mary last week. In above  examples, who works at Costco modifies- or provides information about- the man who is the subject of the sentence. In the second sentence, which was written by Hemingway modifies the object book. Using a reduced relative clause we can reduce the first sentence to: The man working at Costco lives in Seattle. The second example sentence cannot be reduced because the relative clause which  was written by Hemingway modifies an object of the verb give. Types of Reduced Relative Clauses Relative clauses can also be reduced to shorter forms if the relative clause modifies the subject of a sentence. Relative clause reduction refers to removing a relative pronoun to reduce: An adjective/person who was happy:  happy personAn adjective phrase/man who was responsible for:  man responsible forA prepositional phrase/boxes that are under the counter:  boxes under the counterA past participle/student that was elected president:  student elected presidentA present participle/people who are working on the report:  people working on the report Reduce to an Adjective Remove the relative pronoun.Remove the verb (usually be, but also seem, appear, etc.).Place the adjective used in the relative clause before the modified noun. Examples: The children who were happy played until nine in the evening.  Reduced: The happy children played until nine in the evening.The house, which was beautiful, was sold for $300,000.  Reduced: The beautiful house was sold for $300,000. Reduce to an Adjective Phrase Remove the relative pronoun.Remove the verb (usually be, but also seem, appear, etc.).Place the adjective phrase after the modified noun. Examples: The product, which seemed perfect in many ways, failed to succeed in the market.  Reduced: The product, perfect in many ways, failed to succeed in the market.The boy who was pleased by his grades went out with his friends to celebrate.  Reduced: The boy, pleased by his grades, went out with his friends to celebrate. Reduce to a Prepositional Phrase Remove the relative pronoun.Remove the verb be.Place the prepositional phrase after the modified noun. Examples: The box, which was on the table, was made in Italy.  Reduced: The box on the table was made in Italy.The woman who was at the meeting spoke about business in Europe.  Reduced: The woman at the meeting spoke about business in Europe. Reduce to a Past Participle Remove the relative pronoun.Remove the verb be.Place the past participle before the modified noun. Examples: The desk, which was stained, was antique.  Reduced: The stained desk was antique.The man who was elected was very popular.  Reduced: The elected man was very popular. Reduce to a​ Past Participle Phrase Remove the relative pronoun.Remove the verb be.Place the past participle phrase after the modified noun. Examples: The car, which was purchased in Seattle, was a vintage Mustang.  Reduced: The car purchased in Seattle was a vintage Mustang.The elephant, which was born in captivity, was set free.  Reduced: The elephant born in captivity was set free. Reduce to a Present Participle Remove the relative pronoun.Remove the verb be.Place the present participle phrase after the modified noun. Examples: The professor who is teaching mathematics will leave the university.  Reduced: The professor teaching mathematics will leave the university.The dog that is lying on the floor wont get up.  Reduced: The dog lying on the floor wont get up. Some action verbs reduce to the present participle (-ing form) especially when the present tense is used: Remove the relative pronoun.Change the verb to the present participle form.Place the present participle phrase after the modified noun. Examples: The man who lives near my home walks to work every day.  Reduced: The man living near my home walks to work every day.The girl who attends my school lives at the end of the street.  Reduced: The girl attending my school lives at the end of the street.

SPSS exercises Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

SPSS exercises - Assignment Example Measures to control false alarm should be put in place, considering the confidence intervals , if all the these intervals are independent at 5% there is a probalility that one event will be rejected at 99.4%. This error can be controlled by using Tukey HSD. As shown in the table 2.8 and 2.9 below. Vicky conducted a study to evaluate time fathers spend playing with there disabled children. The study was analysed on SPSS and a two – way ANOVA was conducted to evaluate their difference in groups, according to gender and disability, and the time spend playing with the kid by their fathers. The population set was 60, the average time spend was 4.63 and a standard deviation of 2.47 as presented in Table 2.2 above. Table 2.4 shows a F(2,54) = 27.140, p We have to control false alarm and setting alpha to .05 as presented on Table 2.9, there is no difference between the disabilities at p-value = .000 and as noted above there was a interaction between the gender and the disability. P-value < 0.001 an indication that the results are highly significant at .1% level (William Mendenhall III,

Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 2

Case study - Essay Example e is motivated by the need to satisfy the following psychological needs which include; playing and relaxing, personal fulfilment, self expression as well as curiosity among others. It can as well be said that she seeks to fulfil the social needs, derived from Maslow’s hierarchy of needs or motivation theory. Social needs in particular, are concerned with love, friendship and esteem (McCarthy and Perreault 1990). These are often have a bearing on the person’s interaction with others. Personal needs on the other hand are concerned with an individual’s need for personal satisfaction which is often unrelated to what others may think. As a point of departure, it can be said that one of the main reasons why we drink is to give ourselves confidence in the belief that alcohol will set us at ease especially with strangers (McNeill 1986). However, there are various other reasons for drinking such as wanting to please others, fighting loneliness or using alcohol as a bridge between different people. From this assertion, it can be noted that Melanie’s drinking habits are driven by psychological needs to a greater extent. Indeed, she appreciates the fact that alcohol can cause harm to her health but this does not deter her from drinking. She drinks inorder to fulfil the psychological need to play as well as to relax. She believes that its part of being a student to drink. In the opening remarks she says, â€Å"I know I perhaps drink too much but its part of being a student, isn’t it?† From this statement it can be seen that drinking is one of the popular ways of relaxing and perhaps derive pleasure i n the life of a student. Whilst she does not drink on a daily basis, it can be seen that she does especially on Mondays and Wednesdays which are dedicated as days for student outing and have since been entrenched as part of the student culture. It can be seen that she also drinks for personal fulfilment as well as self expression. A night out on a drinking binge with

Inequalities and Interdependence :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Inequalities and Interdependence According to my small nephew, milk does not come from cows, it comes from stores. He's never seen a cow being milked, but he has been to the store with his mother to buy milk, so in his world, milk comes from stores. Purchasing is a major activity in our daily lives. In fact, if there were to be a national crisis of some sort that would prevent us from being able to purchase the barest of daily necessities such as milk, bread, cereal, toothpaste, deodorant, toilet paper, or soap, it would be a very unsettling experience. In fact, as Dr. Nassar is so fond of saying, "I know almost everyone in here is too young to remember"...everyone except me. I do remember a time in 1974 when within four hours of the onset of a national trucking strike, the shelves in the stores were empty. Not just slim pickin's...but empty. We take a lot for granted in this country. We're very lucky that we have been able to do so. As students, we are not producers of goods, we are consumers. We live in state of economic dependence on the goods of the entire world. So, what is interdependence? Interdependence means that two or more parties rely on what they can do for each other to succeed. Mutual contribution is necessary for the well-being of the parties involved. As a nation-state, the economy of the United States of America is interdependent on other nation-states for its well-being. Because of the relative isolation of this continent, the U.S. was able to remain free of foreign intervention and develop a strong national identity for nearly 150 years. We were free to develop a strong sense of nationalism: an inclination toward self-reliance and rugged individualism in which we took fierce pride. It was sort of the John Wayne approach to national and international relations. We were able to amass great wealth from our natural resources of gold, silver, furs, timber, steel, cotton, coal, and oil, to name a few. The entrepreneurial experiments of individuals were allowed to develop unhindered. Personal industry and imagination eventually developed major industries of steel, intercontinental railroads, textiles, and shipping. Innovation led to the development of the internal combustion engine and its subsequent uses in industry. Agriculture became an industry, and with the aid of intercontinental railroads and shipping, contributed to the general economy and personal wealth of many. Inequalities and Interdependence :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays Inequalities and Interdependence According to my small nephew, milk does not come from cows, it comes from stores. He's never seen a cow being milked, but he has been to the store with his mother to buy milk, so in his world, milk comes from stores. Purchasing is a major activity in our daily lives. In fact, if there were to be a national crisis of some sort that would prevent us from being able to purchase the barest of daily necessities such as milk, bread, cereal, toothpaste, deodorant, toilet paper, or soap, it would be a very unsettling experience. In fact, as Dr. Nassar is so fond of saying, "I know almost everyone in here is too young to remember"...everyone except me. I do remember a time in 1974 when within four hours of the onset of a national trucking strike, the shelves in the stores were empty. Not just slim pickin's...but empty. We take a lot for granted in this country. We're very lucky that we have been able to do so. As students, we are not producers of goods, we are consumers. We live in state of economic dependence on the goods of the entire world. So, what is interdependence? Interdependence means that two or more parties rely on what they can do for each other to succeed. Mutual contribution is necessary for the well-being of the parties involved. As a nation-state, the economy of the United States of America is interdependent on other nation-states for its well-being. Because of the relative isolation of this continent, the U.S. was able to remain free of foreign intervention and develop a strong national identity for nearly 150 years. We were free to develop a strong sense of nationalism: an inclination toward self-reliance and rugged individualism in which we took fierce pride. It was sort of the John Wayne approach to national and international relations. We were able to amass great wealth from our natural resources of gold, silver, furs, timber, steel, cotton, coal, and oil, to name a few. The entrepreneurial experiments of individuals were allowed to develop unhindered. Personal industry and imagination eventually developed major industries of steel, intercontinental railroads, textiles, and shipping. Innovation led to the development of the internal combustion engine and its subsequent uses in industry. Agriculture became an industry, and with the aid of intercontinental railroads and shipping, contributed to the general economy and personal wealth of many.

Paul Stultz Essay

Paul Stultz, a character who has always admired me not as an individual but as a code that has the hidden formula that makes up a successful person. Mr. Stultz with his attractive traits which circles around self-motivation and persuasive attitude towards the core values, A Professional teacher and Sales Manager, he has un matched skills in both the fields. With vast experience in areas of telecommunications and a proven record in planning, management, and leadership he stand as an example that always continue to impress every bit of my existence and defines my approach on a idealistic character. The habit of always thinking out of the box has polished his abilities as an innovative thinker and effectual problem-solver who can see the big picture. During the nineties, the knowledge explosion created an exponential increase in the complexities of doing business. As mentioned his ability to predict future prospects and then set in motion to achieve them has always been thr trait that has made him stand tall among the fellows who surrounds him. Forecasting the influences of new technologies on our organization, our customers, and the marketplace with trivestiture, he identified the human factors, technology gap. Profoundly he tasked us with analyzing the systems our clients had and what would be needed to transition through the millennium change over which eventually set the grounds for developing the best possible mix which was beneficial not even for a shorter but a longer run as well. In addition, he adapts quickly to challenges and interacts effectively with all levels of business management he has the consult and tell approach and that is the key to his never ending goodwill. Finally, he is committed to professional excellence with a high level of integrity with all business interactions internal and external. Mr. Stultz’s leadership actions and skills Basics of an efficient sales person are driven by the personal persona and the ideal blend of skills and venom towards goal attainment. Mr. Stultz’s has the following note worthy traits that has made him the revenue machine for the organization on the whole. 1. Initiated contact with senior decision-makers and maintained open communication channels that were significant in cultivating sound relations with agency business leaders.  Practiced self discipline in terms of ethical rules of conduct during all oversight of presentations and proposal submission of closing high-dollar volume sales of telecom services and products. 2. He supplies the purpose and meaning; provide the energy that drives a group forward. His visionary aspect of leadership is supported with his excellent communication skills that allow him to articulate his or her vision with precision and power in a compelling and persuasive way. 3.  The degree, to which the he challenges assumptions, takes risks and solicits ‘ ideas are way exceptional. Mr Stultz with this trait stimulate and encourage creativity in their followers and analyzes the pros and cons of system solution architecture. Oversees and participates in cross functional innovation teams and conscientiously attentive to details and big picture interactions. Reconciled all interoperability and time line issues to exact accountability to the team member for the account, maximizing team achievement to president’s club three out of five years. 4. Expected team members copiously to write root cause analysis of problem and cause and effect problem solution. I n turn, he and the team interfaced with product house for service requirements, reconciled billing disputes to contracted amounts. Effective accountability of ethics in compliance of proposal response and performance of the award, Senior Vice President of Government Markets was impeccable in the senate hearings for the Census 2000 and thus concurrence with congress for best in class vendor. 5.  The inspirational leader that he is, one who can instill passion and direction to a group of individuals requires an understanding of how the psychology of a group affects the members of the group. He listens to team members, technical lead myself to hold major partners accountable for the mandated requirements and backup contingency plans for major components of proposed solution. Acted as advisor mentor to my design team and held firm the ethical while seeking clarification on all aspects of implementation schedules and performances. Spearheaded all executive presentations given to the legislature informing upper management and product house of the steps and successes. Description of how the leader’s environment shaped his or her leadership practice and style Mr. Stultz is a magnetic transformational leader who injects huge doses of eagerness into his team and gives them the venom that is very much required to achieve goals. He is very energetic in driving innovations and giving new lines of thinking of system product solutions. This can create a synergetic solution to solve a problem and empower team participant in order to have cohesive leadership should he have to leave or be moved to another division (Burns, 1978, p. 79). The belief that the most important resource that an organization possesses is the people that comprise the organization, some organizations address the development of these resources, Burns characterizes transformational leadership as a style that motivates followers by appealing to higher ideals and moral values which eventually makes the individual grow not only as a professional but as an individual as well. Mr. Stultz adopted the transformational style because of the high level and sensitive nature of his work with huge corporations and the government while being a Colonel with the Army National Guard. The degree to which the leader behaves in admirable ways that cause followers to identify with the leader the bond that eventually allows the fellow employees to work out of the blue for the leaders. Charismatic leaders display convictions, take stands and appeal to followers on an emotional level. This is about the leader having a clear set of values and demonstrating them in every action, providing a role model for their followers This style includes an emotional component, which includes: qualities of transformational leadership include communication of clear vision of the organization to perform above the norm and to think outside of the box. Mr. Stultz’s degree to which he articulates a vision that is appealing and inspiring to his followers and the inspirational motivation that he injects in his employees challenge give them high standards, communicate optimism about future goals, and provide meaning for the task at hand. Technology, new innovations and the need to have the cutting edge systems demands this proactive collaborative problem solving approach to develop research and bring to market innovative products. Entwined in this leadership style is a charismatic intellectual push for excellence with emotional ties to the leader’s mission. Perception of the leader by the followers is key to the adoption of the leader’s values. Current statistics show state that 90% of companies are in a product innovation and service organization (O’Regan 2007). Mr. Stultz’s work environment shaped this democratic approach because, as a person from a large family, he had learned to depend on new ideas coming from other people, he has always been a firm believer of a win win approach where the employee always tend to feel that he is not there just to earn revenue for the company but consider himself as the back bone of the organization, he basically promotes bottom to top approach where he himself with his intellectual sound knowledge creates the win win situation for all. He knows that good ideas come from all over an organization and is not too proud to try someone else’s ideas; and he is more than willing to give credit to those who innovate the ideas. Burns (1978) discusses how leaders’ influence on their subordinates is â€Å"based on their shared sense of what is important, worth doing well, and expending energy on it† (p. 79). One of the hallmarks of Mr. Stultz’s leadership is his high moral ethics and his ability to prompt team members to reach beyond their comfort zone to achieve superior goal attainment things. As demonstrated earlier in this paper, Mr.  Stultz and his team have successfully negotiated huge contracts and accomplished exceptional goals with this leadership formula. Regarding Mr. Stultz’s environment, the increasing dependence on information technology in the business arena and globalization realities have led to an increased focus on performance metrics over the past 15 years. His ability to forecast the future and adopting to the ever changing situation along with his adaptation with new technologies has always kept him with track records of achieving all that seemed impossible before him. Companies are making radical and fundamental changes to the way in which they conduct business to meet customer needs, stay competitive and position themselves in the technical revolution his idea of customer satisfaction is basis of bringing more business then by promoting services through advertisements has led to more cash inflows then ever before. Leaders such as Mr. Stultz have revised their strategies, restructuring their organizations and redesigning their business processes to meet these new challenges. New possibilities are emerging which already show a powerful impact on meeting innovative solutions to achieve cutting edge success of clients and this contribution brings the synergy and financial growth of the sales team (O’Regan 2007). How this person influenced your personal leadership style My experience and success is due to my emulation of Mr. Stultz’s management style, and his mentoring of me during my association with him. After working for Mr.  Stultz, I acquired a repertoire of leadership and organizational skills that I have found to be crucial to my personal success he made me digest the moxt complex ways of handling humans with just a simple formula of †giving importance† the basic want of humans I have learned that a true leader inspires his or her team constantly with a shared vision of the future. The degree to which he attends to each follower’s needs, acts as a mentor or coach to the employees and listens to the there concerns and needs. This also encompasses the need to respect and celebrate the individual contribution that each of us an make to the team (it is the diversity of the team that gives it its true strength). Transformational leaders are highly visible, and spend great deal of time communicating. While performing as the lead Technical data sales executive, my responsibilities included serving as the expert organizational catalyst activating the integrated voice / data project for the Bureau of the Census in addition to deploying the TQA and JHL programs. I was also designated to work with diverse personalities productively of internal/external technical groups to ensure that the technical, product house and industry partner issues were addressed properly. My responsibilities also focused on scrutinizing various interoperability protocols to prevent a myriad of potential problems and subsequently initiating guidelines for preventive action that would circumvent malfunctions and defects. As a consequence, I initiated a mosaic of complex solutions throughout the entire project and managed the on time project timeline processes to ensure the Implementation Team’s successful partner link with multi industries for census 2000 two toll free networks. I also used transformational motivational persuasion and skills propose, win and negotiate web services for the SSA White House Initiative, Seniors. gov. I initiated negotiations with support of my executive team and compiled the design and developed an array of complex reliability and disaster recovery network solution and implementation timelines to track and deliver the project in a timely manner in compliance with preset White House requirements. My innovative solution was picked ahead of other higher-ranking bids for my ability to â€Å"see the big picture† while managing the interoperability details for seamless integration of services. Mr. Stultz emphasized the need to be clear and concise in negotiating with client, operations and product development. He provided feedback to empower me in developing PowerPoint presentations and concise meeting minutes to illustrate complex, abstract award requirements that in turn were modified as executive briefings. Timely communication to key stakeholders, both internal and external, required disciplined ethical leadership skills to maintain high standards and sensitivity to political situations inside and outside the company I gained confidence to lead team members cross functionally to feel in control of their own destiny, such as the promotion they desire, and achieve technical excellence certifications and thus they are motivated to work hard by more than just a financial reward. As innovation takes time, this approach led to presidents club and vendor of the year for three out of five years and our results were best in class (Burns, 1978, p. 78). The approach can be most suitable where team working is essential, and quality is important to have speed to market and productivity while making profit (Burns, 1978). The main skill set I have learned from Mr.  Stutz’s mentoring is that a comprehensive transformational leadership requires emotional synergy which carries over into customer satisfaction and the employees’ model service and work above normal job objectives to excel (Densten, Iain, 2006). His persuasive nature has made me learn the tactics that are there to efficiently manage a chunk of individuals and make them perform to their outmost with a motive of supporting there leader rather then with a motive to secure there jobs. Once products are innovated, I have learned behavior that mirrors a continuum between transactional and transformational. A marriage between mature products and active transactional leadership is balanced while transformational beta product development leads the organization to future innovations. Honoring confidentiality, handling situations appropriately and with discretion my transfomational leadership has successfully achieved the financial, emotional technical, and quality health of the leaders, peers, followers and customers (Brymer, 2006).

Hockey Speech Essay

He takes the puck and skates through a crowd of defensemen. He passes the centerline and releases the puck. It’s in the net! The red light is on, and it’s official. A goal is added to the scoreboard. This sport is ice hockey. Unlike rugby, a specific person did not invent ice hockey. A group of British soldiers created this sport in the mid 1850s. They were stationed in Nova Scotia where they decided to play the sport with sticks made by the Mi’kmaq people of Nova Scotia. In the 1870s, students of McGill University made the rules for modern ice hockey and the very first indoor game was played in 1875. Today, I will be talking about the history of ice hockey in the NHL, why ice hockey is the best sport ever created and my favourite NHL team. So, let’s start with the basics. Three National Hockey Association (NHA) managers formed the National Hockey League on November 26th, 1917 in Montreal, Quebec after the NHA ended. The NHL was a way for the managers to showcase their teams -the Montreal Wanderers, Montreal Canadiens, Ottawa Senators and the Toronto Arenas. The NHL was able to absorb more teams after expanding into the United States. However, in 1942, there were only 6 teams due to the Great Depression. They were known as the Original Six. Their era ended in 1967 when the NHL added more teams.They also divided the league into the Western and Eastern Conference in 1974 and by 2000, they increased to 30 teams. From 1917 to 2013, a lot has changed in the NHL. It’s surprising how a dispute can lead to the creation of one of the most prestigious leagues in the world. Ever since I was a child, I watched ice hockey. It has something that no other sport has -teamwork. I think the NHL Playoffs best represent this. Two years ago when the Boston Bruins won the Stanley Cup, the players were committed in working together and since they stuck to this, they won the Cup. However, it wasn’t easy and this is another reason as to why I love to watch ice hockey. In my opinion, the Playoffs in the NHL are more entertaining than in basketball or baseball because it’s the hardest league to win a championship. In baseball, there’s a shorter series in the first round. In basketball, despite the similarity in format, it doesn’t have the blood spilling or bone crunching effect, which hockey has. Hockey is  equivalent to a war in the playoffs until the final buzzer goes off after the fourth win in a series. All sports offer a high tempo in the postseason, however ice hockey is a bloody battle for Lord Stanley’s Cup, which lasts over two months. That’s half a season of football. In basketball, I love the Toronto Raptors. In baseball, I am a fan of the Toronto Blue Jays. In ice hockey, I cheer for blue and white -the Toronto Maple Leafs. I think the Toronto Maple Leafs are heading in the right path with the addition of coach, Randy Carlyle, and the firing of former general manager, Brian Burke. An experienced person behind the benches (Randy Carlyle) has allowed the Maple Leafs to rejuvenate their confidence and step in the right direction. We have also seen improvements on the roster with the new face of the team, Dave Nonis, who replaced Burke earlier in January. I believe Nonis is suitable for the general manger job and with his leadership, I think the Leafs could attain, through trades or free agency, an aggressive offence, balanced defense and experienced goaltenders. These three changes are needed to bring Toronto to the playoffs and potentially add a Stanley Cup to Toronto’s thirteen wins for the trophy. Bill Bennett, an American businessman, once said, â€Å"What we find impossible, we later deem unlikely, and eventually accept as inevitable.† Now, you have a new appreciation of ice hockey. It’s not an easy sport to play, however, it’s the greatest to watch. Since it’s beginnings in Halifax in the 1850s, it has expanded significantly to become the National Hockey League we know today. The NHL in my opinion is the hardest league to win a championship. Also, it’s an amazing league to watch ice hockey, and although I enjoy watching all the teams, I’m a huge fan of the Toronto Maple Leafs. Go Leafs Go.

How the Jungian Theory has contributed to the History and Systems of Psychology

How the Jungian Theory has contributed to the History and Systems of Psychology Abstract Born in 1875, Carl Jung grew up to study human life and eventually developed several thoughts concerning human behavior. His concepts have received exponents and opponents of equal measure. Most people claim that his arguments are illogical with no or minimal stringent structures. Nonetheless, his exponents have utilized his thoughts and used them in conducting various psychological tests such as the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. This paper analyses the theories of Jung concerning human life coupled with how they have contributed to the history and systems of psychology. Introduction Born in 1875, Carl Jung has definitely played a significant role in the field of psychology even after his demise in 1961. His theories have received support and opposition in equal measure. However, despite his controversial nature, most psychologist and scholars still use his theories in making various decisions. His theories aimed at creating and promoting an association between the cognizant and oblivious (Thorne Henley, 2005).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on How the Jungian Theory has contributed to the History and Systems of Psychology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Jung, in the absence of the link between the two, the unconscious characteristics could abate and even destroy one’s personality. One of his popular theories was individuation, which refers to the individual growth that creates a link the ego to the ‘self’ (Pierce, 2005). This paper discusses the Jungian theories and their role in shaping the history and systems of psychology. Contribution of Carl Jung’s Theories in the History and Systems of Psychology Jung’s examination of human personality involved studies of faith, culture, and parapsychology. He primarily had a stronger impact on theorists and authors than psychologists did. Nonetheless, over the years, the rising queries on t he nature of human awareness and potential have triggered a sudden attention on Jung’s concepts such as those concerning attitude, functions, conscious, archetype, and psychological development (Carter, 2011). Attitude In addressing the issue of attitude, Jung developed the theories of introversion and extraversion. These ideologies have indubitably earned recognition with most psychologists and counselors who use them to test their patients’ attitude. For Jung, people can be broadly categorized into two groups, viz. those who view things from an outward perspective and those who judge things with an inward perception. Those who are inward-oriented, popularly known as introverts, are contented with their individual thoughts and beliefs (Pierce, 2005). However, the extroverts are at ease with the views of others and their decisions are highly influenced with their external environment.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Interestingly, Jung states that no individual can have a mindset that is entirely introverted or extroverted. In his argument, Jung associates the two concepts to a heartbeat, which is only complete after contraction and expansion. The contraction represents introversion whilst expansion typifies extraversion (Engler, 2008). The discrepancy comes into play when a person seems to prefer a particular concept and makes most of his or her decisions according to that given type of mindset. Notably, these concepts also incorporate awareness and unconsciousness. For instance, if one analyzes an extrovert, it is likely that his or her unconscious will have an introverted approach because the individual’s unconsciousness is more extroverted whilst the conscious part is full of introverted values (Pierce, 2005). Moreover, none of the concept can be perceived to be the most superior. In some cases, introversion is more p ertinent than extroversion whilst in other scenarios the latter is more applicable than the former. The qualities are also equally distinct, viz. one cannot apply them in tandem. One should ensure that s/he employs either of the qualities only on situations where s/he is most pertinent to avoid having a fixed and stringent method of reacting to issues and relating with others. Since introverts tend to be preoccupied with their personal thoughts, they may develop loneliness for they are engrossed in their own world and may end up having a poor relation with the external world (Carter, 2011). Conversely, extroverts spend most of their time and energy to please others. The danger of such a quality is that they may fail to have time for their inner person and consequently make decisions that may endanger their lives.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on How the Jungian Theory has contributed to the History and Systems of Psychology specifically for you fo r only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Functions Another outstanding contribution of Jung to the history and systems of psychology is the concept of type. According to Jung, the manner in which individuals feel, think, as well as experience is surprisingly disparate. This concept of type is essential in assisting both psychologists and even ordinary people to comprehend the nature in which people operate (Dolliver, 1994). He divides the essential psychological functions into four categories, viz. impression, instinct, thinking, as well as feeling. All these functions can be felt in an introverted or extraverted manner. However, every person has a particular function that seems to override the others even when it comes to their conscious. Out of the three remaining function, there is also a function that seems to be intensely rooted in the unconscious and can rarely be noticed, viz. inferior function. People normally make decisions and verdicts using the thinking and f eeling functions that surrogate each other. Thinking focuses on the sincerity, opinion, and uncongenial evaluation. It usually integrates uniformity and abstract standards. People with highly developed thinking function can be good strategists and planners. Nevertheless, they may be reluctant in accepting clashing opinions even if such conflicting ideas seem to be more practical than their theories. Feeling is value-oriented as it weighs the option between good and bad or correct and false, which is in contrast with thinking that tends to focus on the logic or competence of a decision. Jung classified perception and instinct in a solitary group, since they are both used as means of collecting information and not issuing verdicts. Perception or sensation is the exact sense experience, discernment of information, and tangible facts such as something that a person can smell, taste, or touch. Concrete testament attracts more attention than the evaluation or investigation of experience. People whose dominant function is sensation, viz. sensation types, are quick in responding to the immediate issue and can effectively resolve the existing crises (Pierce, 2005).Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The fourth category of function, viz. intuition, involves understanding views in a form of likelihood, past results, prospective ambitions, and the unconscious development. This function tries to focus on the impact or outcome of doing something in a particular way. The predicted impact of making a decision is of much significance to intuitive characters than the actual impact. They rapidly relate new ideas to experience, expected results, and make the most appropriate decisions (Thorne Henley, 2005). The inferior function that Jung identifies is often the most primal for an evil force can drive it because some people can neither control nor comprehend it. For instance, a highly intuitive individual who cannot relate with his or her sensation function can consider his or her sexual desires as strange or perilous. Jung asserts that this function motivates people to have religious beliefs. Integrating and balancing all these functions help a person to associate well with his or her e nvironment. Every individual has an overriding function with one secondary dominant function (Engler, 2008). The remaining functions are often unconscious and less useful. This knowledge helps in understanding the flaws and strengths of others and can help in managing social relationships. The Unconscious Jung admits that it is intricate to determine the unconscious, and thus it can only be defined by understanding its association with the conscious, which has no boundaries. Jung further classifies the unconscious into personal and collective. The personal unconscious is composed of past bitter events or petty thoughts that are no longer part of the conscious. In the case of collective unconsciousness, it is the most debated theory of Jung. It postulates that although people are born and they develop incongruently, they have a common unconsciousness (Carter, 2011). The mental and biological heritage that everyone is born with determines the behavior as well as experience. For Jung, this unconsciousness helps people to invent constructive ideas and skills. Archetype This theory is one of the most sophisticated theories of Jung. Archetypes are inborn tendencies that are used to react to various issues in the world. They are depictions of the natural energies espoused by a collective unconsciousness. Jung describes the archetype as components that develop structures inside the unconscious. The key structures of personality such as persona, shadow, ego anima, animus, and self are also part of archetype (Merchant, 2009). Persona refers to image a person discloses to the world. In a bid to receive good reception in public, there are certain behaviors one has to adopt. Those who refuse to adopt such characters are likely to face rejection. The effect of a persona may be good or bad. Certain types of personas can asphyxiate an individual especially if they are phony. It can promote growth in individuals because as they adopt particular social roles, their ego slowly a pproves it (Engler, 2008). Unfortunately, this approval may also have a negative effect for as the ego approves the new social roles, people begin to assume that the false faces are their actual personality. Sadly, Jung asserts that people are forced to depart from this false personality during individuation. Ego is a sense that promotes steadiness in moving towards the conscious part of life. It attempts to resist any move to contravene consciousness and urges people to analyze their ideas before making an ultimate decision. The ego has no unconscious elements, but conscious components only, which originate from one’s individual experience. Consequently, Jung compels people to assume that ego is a key structure of psyche, thus ignoring the other portion of psyche that is unconscious (Merchant, 2009). The shadow comprises all the unconstructive values that one wishes to avoid because they are converse to his/her persona and social norms. The shadow puts emphasis on issues tha t are introverted by a person’s consciousness. If an individual fails to identify it, shadow becomes dangerous for the person may display his or her rejected values in public, and consequently be abandoned. However, shadow is unavoidable because it is inherent. Anyone who ignores that shadows archetype exists is denying the fact that the society is made up of both good and bad. Jung also developed the concept of anima and animus. These concepts exemplify the psychological issues that cannot relate with a person’s self-image (Dolliver, 1994). Hence, though a woman may refer to conscious terms that are feminine, the animus may incorporate some of unfamiliar behaviors that stand out as masculine. The course of mental growth in the female counterparts requires that they integrate their ego with the animus. Although at the primary level, the anima or animus may appear as a distinct personality, it starts merging with the unconscious and conscious after identification and ev entually becomes part of the self. However, if the self is oblivious of the anima or the animus, an individual tends to portray it to the opposite sex. For example, all men have a character that is analogous to women although it is unconscious. This character is often portrayed to women whom men love and thus promote intimate relationships. Moreover, the growth of the concept of anima and animus is largely espoused by relationship between a child and his or her opposite sex parent (Engler, 2008). These two concepts largely affect the relations that people have with the opposite sexes. Since they have the power to link a person with his or her unconscious forces, anima and animus are a good way of determining one’s ability. Conclusion Jung’s theories have occasionally received opponents who claim that his ideas are illogical and fail to portray an organized system of thoughts. His critics state that he uses disparate descriptions for a single term. However, he intention ally created a flexible structure that can accept new ideas without necessarily altering them to merge into theoretical construction for he conceded to the thought that he could provide all the theoretical solutions to every issue. Perhaps, this notion explains why his theories are currently still highly pertinent and can be used to analyze most problems in the modern culture. The popularity of his concepts is still consistently augmenting. Prominent psychological testing techniques such as Myers-Briggs type Indicator apply Jung’s theory. In essence, the role of Carl Jung in the history and systems of psychology is indisputable. References Carter, D. (2011). Carl Jung in the twenty-first century. Contemporary Review,  293(1703), 441-451. Dolliver, R. (1994). Classifying the personality theories and personalities of Adler, Freud, and Jung with. Individual Psychology: The Journal of Adlerian Theory, Research Practice, 50(2), 192-202. Engler, B. (2008). Personality Theories: An Introduction. New York, NY: Cengage Learning. Merchant, J. (2009). A reappraisal of classical archetype theory and its implications for theory and practice. Journal of Analytical Psychology, 54(3), 339-358. Pierce, F. (2005). Personality types injuries. Professional Safety, 50(3), 42-50. Thorne, B., Henley, T. (2005). Connections in the history and systems of  psychology. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.

How to Identify a Shakespeare Comedy

How to Identify a Shakespeare Comedy Shakespeares  comedy plays have stood the test of time. Works such as The Merchant of  Venice. As You Like It and Much Ado About Nothing are among the Bards most popular and most often performed plays. However, even though we refer to about a dozen or so of Shakespeares plays as comedies, theyre not comedies in the modern sense of the word. Characters and plots are rarely laugh-out-loud funny, and not everything that occurs in a Shakespearean comedy is happy or light-hearted. Indeed, the comedy of Shakespeare’s time was very different from our modern comedy. The style and key characteristics of a Shakespeare comedy are not as distinct as the other Shakespearean genres and sometimes determining whether one of his plays is a comedy can be a challenge.   Common Features of a Shakespearean Comedy What makes a Shakespeare comedy identifiable if the genre is not distinct from the Shakespeare tragedies and histories? This is an ongoing area of debate, but many believe that the comedies share certain characteristics, as described below: Comedy through language: Shakespeares comedies  are peppered with clever wordplay, metaphors, and insults.Love: The theme of love is prevalent in every Shakespeare comedy. Often, we are presented with sets of lovers who, through the course of the play, overcome the obstacles in their relationship and unite. Of course,​ that measure isnt always foolproof; love is the central theme of Romeo and Juliet but few people would regard that play as a comedy.Complex plots: The plots of Shakespeare comedies have more twists and turns than his tragedies and histories. Although the plots are convoluted, they do follow similar patterns. For example, the climax of the play always occurs in the third act and the final scene has a celebratory feel when the lovers finally declare their feelings for each other.Mistaken identities: The plot of a Shakespearean comedy is often driven by mistaken identity. Sometimes this is an intentional part of a villain’s plot, as in Much Ado About Nothi ng when Don John tricks Claudio into believing that his fiance has been unfaithful through mistaken identity. Characters also play scenes in disguise and it is not uncommon for female characters to disguise themselves as male characters. Shakespeare’s comedies are the most difficult to classify because they overlap in style with other genres. Critics often describe some plays as tragic-comedies because they mix equal measures of tragedy and comedy. For example, Much Ado About Nothing starts as a comedy, but takes on some of the characteristics of a tragedy when Hero is disgraced and fakes her own death. At this point, the play has more in common with Romeo and Juliet, one of Shakespeare’s key tragedies. Shakespearean Plays Generally Classified as Comedy Alls Well That Ends WellAs You Like ItThe Comedy of ErrorsCymbelineLoves Labour’s LostMeasure for MeasureThe Merry Wives of WindsorThe Merchant of VeniceA Midsummer Nights DreamMuch Ado About NothingPericles, Prince of TyreThe Taming of the ShrewTroilus and CressidaTwelfth NightTwo Gentlemen of VeronaThe Two Noble KinsmenThe Winters Tale

Why poverty should be more aware in schools Research Paper

Why poverty should be more aware in schools - Research Paper Example However, their impact varies from person to person. Sometimes people pass over this turmoil stricken stage with ease, but in some cases one observes juvenile delinquency. â€Å"In 1994, police reported about 500 violent youth crime arrests for every 100,000 10-17-olds in the population. Violent youth crime then fell sharply from 1994 through 2001, before rebounding somewhat through 2008.† (J.A. Butts par.4) There are several factors involved that trigger such impulsive behavior such as personal conflicts, competition, socio-economic issues. To minimize the probability of propagating juvenile delinquency among youth, it is important to provide them proper coaching, a healthy environment to develop and moral support. Studies show that children belonging to under privileged class are more prone to go astray, and get themselves involved in mischievous activities (Brooks-Gunn and Duncan 2000 p. 189). Therefore it may prove helpful to educate students about poverty and make them understand the hardship that is faced by their school fellows who do not enjoy the same economic background. â€Å"In terms of achievement, the risk for poor relative to non-poor children is 2.0 times as high for grade repetition and dropping out of high school, and 1.4 times as high for having a learning disability. For other conditions and outcomes, these risk ratios are: 1.3 timesas high for parent-reported emotional or behavior problems, 3.1 times as high for a teenage out of wedlock birth, 6.8 times as high for reported cases of child abuse and neglect, and 2.2 times as high for experiencing violent crime.† (Duncan and Brooks-Gunn 2000 p. 189) The only place where poor children get a chance to mingle with their rich counterparts is public schools or at most a playground. Apart from that these children spend most of their time in a much stressed environment. Poverty may not be a curse, but it is enriched in capacity to give birth to social evils. It is a driving force that

Performance appraisal memo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Performance appraisal memo - Essay Example Most of the blenderized mixtures depend on fresh or frozen fruit, complemented with wheat grass, bee pollen, brewer’s yeast and ginseng that are optional boosters. Additionally, Jamba Juice Company also sells bread, gourmet soft pretzels and soups. During its tenure, the group was hard working and completed projects on time. In fact, it was the first group to deliver their proposal and this was because the group and its members were determined in meeting the deadlines they set. These accomplishments made the group build a Jamba Juice in the San Antonio Airport in time, efficiently and effectively. Still, there were some problems within the group that need some improvements. For instance, one of its members was not willing to work as a team. On the other hand, the individual was greedy, he wanted good grades for himself, and hence taking too much than he needed. To achieve more in their activities, the group member should be willing to work with others and also consider others in the activities involved. In the end, there was no cohesion between group members and the individual, therefore helping them to accomplish their projects. This led to the group’s successful completion in building a Jamba Juice Company in the San Antonio Airport (Perron & Dembecki,

Issues in Secondary Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Issues in Secondary Education - Essay Example This stage, which is preceded by the Concrete Operational stage, begins more or less at age 11, which is beginning of puberty and continues well into adulthood. (Abbeduto, 2006, 131)This stage is characterized by acquisition of the ability to think abstractly and draw conclusions from the information available. This stage is also important to our topic, because the students are entering puberty around this time, which leads them to many questions about themselves and their bodies; further leading to questions about just who they think they are. According to Erik Erikson, there are eight stages of human development. Along with the stages themselves, Erikson also states that a psychosocial crisis occurs during each of the stages; for this stage, the psychosocial crisis is titled Identity versus role confusion. As stated by Erikson, this stage is when the adolescent student becomes concerned with how they appear to others. Many adolescents ask themselves "Who am I? Where am I going in life?", and confusion occurs because of the cognitive and bodily changes happening to the learner. Peer groups also play a role in this stage, because they affect who a student thinks they are too. (Blair, 2006, 53) The confusion of trying to decide what peer group you fit into exacerbates the possible identity crisis. At last is Abraham Maslow, with his Hierarchy of requirements. At the same time, when above-mentioned theorists talked about various stages of development, Maslow's theory is a little bit different; his theory explains that regardless of the age of a person, everyone is willing to have their requirements fulfilled. (Cooper, P. & Mcintyre, 2008, 383) The requirements that relate the most to this topic are the Belonging and the Esteem Requirements.  Ã‚  

Linguistic Automatic Generation Natural Language

Linguistic Automatic Generation Natural Language 1. Introduction 1.1. The Problem Statement This thesis deals with the problem of Automatic generation of a UML Model from Natural Language Software Requirement Specifications. This thesis describes the development of Auto Modeler an Automated Software Engineering tool that takes Natural Language Software System Requirement Specifications as Input, performs an automated OO analysis and tries to produce an UML Model (a partial one in its present state i.e. static Class diagrams only) as output. The basis for Auto Modeler is described in [2][3]. 1.2. Motivation We conducted a short survey of the Software Industry in Islamabad in order to determine what sorts of Automated Software Engineering Tools were required by the Software houses. The result of the Survey (see Appendix-I for the survey report) indicated that there is demand for such a tool as Auto Modeler. Since such tools i.e. [2][3] that have already been developed are either not available in the market or are very expensive, and thus out of the reach of most software houses. Therefore we decided to build our own tool that can be used by the software industry in order to enable them to be more productive and competitive. But at present Auto Modeler is not ready for commercial use. But it is hoped that future versions of Auto Modeler will be able to cater to the needs of the Software Houses. 1.3. Background 1.3.1. The need for Automated Software Engineering Tools: In this era of Information Technology great demands are placed on Software Systems and on all those that are involved in the SDLC. The developed software should not only be of high quality but it should also be developed in minimal amount of time. When it comes to Software quality, the software must be highly reliable and it should meet the customers needs and it should satisfy the customers expectations. Automated Software Engineering Tools can assist the Software Engineers and Software Developers in producing High Quality Software in minimal amount of time. 1.3.2. Requirements Engineering: Requirements engineering consists of the following tasks [6]:  · Requirements Elicitation  · Requirements Analysis  · Requirements Specification  · Requirements Validation / Verification  · Requirements Management Requirements engineering is recognized as a critical task, since many software failures originate from inconsistent, incomplete or simply incorrect System Requirements specifications. 1.3.3. Natural Language Requirement Specifications: Formal methods have been successfully used to express Requirements Specifications, but often the customer cannot understand them and therefore cannot validate them [4]. Natural Language is the only common medium understood by both the Customer and the Analyst [4]. So the System Requirements Specifications are often written in Natural Language. 1.3.4. Object Oriented Analysis: The System Analyst must manually process The Natural Language Requirements Specifications Document and perform an OO Analysis and produce the results in the form of an UML Model, which has become a Standard in the Software Industry. The manual process is laborious, time consuming and often prone to errors. Some specified requirements might be left out. If there are problems or errors in the original requirements specifications, they may not be discovered in the manual process. OOA applies the OO paradigm to models of proposed systems by defining classes, objects and the relationships between them. Classes are the most important building block of an OO system and from these we instantiate objects. Once an individual object is created it inherits the same operations, relationships, semantics, and attributes identified in the class. Attributes of classes, and hence objects, hold values of properties. Operations, also called methods, describe what can be done to an object/class.[1] A relationship between classes/objects can show various attributes such as aggregation, composition, generalization and dependency. Attributes and operations represent the semantics of the class, while relationships represent the semantics of the model [1]. The KRB seven-step method, introduced by Kapur, Ravindra and Brown, proposes how to find classes and objects manually [1]. Hence, Identify candidate classes (nouns in NL). Define classes (look for instantiations of classes). Establishing associations (capturing verbs to create association for each pair of classes in 1 and 2). Expanding many-to-many associations. Identify class attributes. Normalize attributes so that they are associated with the class of objects that they truly describe. Identify class operations. From this process we can see that one goal of OOA is to identify NL concepts that can be transformed into OO concepts; which can then be used to form system models in particular notations. Here we shall concentrate on UML [1]. 1.3.5. Natural Language Processing (NLP): If an automatic analysis of the NL Requirements Document is carried out then it is not only possible to quickly find errors in the Specifications but with the right methods we can quickly generate a UML model from the Requirements. Although, Natural language is inherently ambiguous, imprecise and incomplete; often a natural language document is redundant, and several classes of terminological problems (e.g., jargon or specialist terms) can arise to make communication difficult [2] and it has been proven that Natural Language processing with holistic objectives is a very complex task, it is possible to extract sufficient meaning from NL sentences to produce reliable models. Complexities of language range from simple synonyms and antonyms to such complex issues as idioms, anaphoric relations or metaphors. Efforts in this particular area have had some success in generating static object models using some complex NL requirement sentences. 1.3.5.1. Linguistic analysis: Linguistic analysis studies NL text from different linguistic levels, i.e. words, sentence and meaning.[1] (i) Word-tagging analyses how a word is used in a sentence. In particular, words can be changeable from one sentence to another depending on context (e.g. light can be used as noun, verb, adjective and adverb; and while can be used as preposition, conjunction, verb and noun). Tagging techniques are used to specify word-form for each single word in a sentence, and each word is tagged as a Part Of Speech (POS), e.g. a NN1 tag would denote a singular noun, while VBB would signify the base form of a verb.[1] (ii) Syntactic analysis applies phrase marker, or labeled bracketing, techniques to segment NL as phrases, clauses and sentences, so that the NL is delineated by syntactical/grammatical annotations. Hence we can shows how words are grouped and connected to each other in a sentence.[1] (iii) Semantic analysis is the study of the meaning. It uses discourse annotation techniques to analyze open-class or content words and closed-class words (i.e. prepositions, conjunctions, pronouns). The POS tags and syntactic elements mentioned previously can be linked in the NL text to create relationships. Applying these linguistic analysis techniques, NLP tools can carry out morphological processing, syntactic processing and semantic processing. The processing of NL text can be supported by Semantic Network (SN) and corpora that provide a knowledge base for text analysis. The difficulty of OOA is not just due to the ambiguity and complexity of NL itself, but also the gap in meaning between the NL concepts and OO concepts.[1] 1.3.6. From NLP to UML Model Creation. After NLP the sentences are simplified in order to make identification of UML model elements form NL elements easy. Simple Heurists are used to Identify UML Model elements from Natural Text: (see Chapter 7) * Nouns indicate a class * Verb indicates an operation * Possessive relationships and Verbs like to have, identify, denote indicate attributes * Determiners are used to identify the multiplicity of roles in associations. 1.5. Plan of the thesis In Chapter 2 we present a brief survey of previous work and work similar to our work. Chapters 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 describe the theoretical basis for Auto Modeler. Chapter 8 Describes the Architecture of Auto Modeler. In Chapter 9 we describe Auto Modeler in action with a case study. In Chapter 10 we present conclusions. 2. Literature Survey The first relevant published technique attempting to produce a systematic procedure to produce design models from NL requirements was Abbot. Abbott (1983) proposes a linguistic based method for analyzing software requirements, expressed in English, to derive basic data types and operations. [1] This approach was further developed by Booch (1986). Booch describes an Object-Oriented Design method where nouns in the problem description suggest objects and classes of objects, and verbs suggest operations.[1] Saeki et al. (1987) describe a process of incrementally constructing software modules from object-oriented specifications obtained from informal natural language requirements. Their system analyses the informal requirements one sentence at a time. Nouns and verbs are automatically extracted from the informal requirements but the system cannot determine which words are relevant for the construction of the formal specification. Hence an important role is played by the human analyst who reviews and refines the system results manually after each sentence is processed.[1] Dunn and Orlowska (1990) describe a natural language interpreter for the construction of NIAM (Nijssens, or Natural-language, Information Analysis Method ) conceptual schemas. The construction of conceptual schemas involves allocating surface objects to entity types (semantic classes) and the identification of elementary fact types. The system accepts declarative sentences only and uses grammar rules and a dictionary for type allocation and the identification of elementary fact types.[1] Meziane (1994) implemented a system for the identification of VDM data types and simple operations from natural language software requirements. The system first generates an Entity-Relationship Model (ERM) from the input text and then generates VDM data types from the ERM.[1] Mich and Garigliano (1994) and Mich (1996) describe an NL-based prototype system, NL-OOPS, that is aimed at the generation of object-oriented analysis models from natural language specifications. This system demonstrated how a large scale NLP system called LOLITA can be used to support the OO analysis stage.[1] V. Ambriola and V. Gervasi.[4] have developed CIRCE an environment for the analysis of natural language requirements. It is based on the concept of successive transformations that are applied to the requirements, in order to obtain concrete (i.e., rendered) views of models extracted from the requirements. CIRCE uses, CICO a domain-based, fuzzy matching, parser which parses the requirements document and converts it into an abstract parse tree. This parse tree is encoded as tuples and stored in a shared repository by CICO. A group of related tuples constitutes a T-Model. CIRCE uses internal tools to refine the encoded tuples called extensional knowledge and the knowledge about the basic behavior of software systems called intentional knowledge derived from modelers to further enrich the Tuple space. When a specific concrete view on the requirements is desired, a projector is called to build an abstract view of the data from the tuple space. A translator then converts the abstract view to a concrete view. In [5] V. Ambriola and V. Gervasi describe their experience of automatic synthesis of UML diagrams from Natural Language Requirement Specifications using their CIRCE environment. Delisle et al., in their project DIPETT-HAIKU, capture candidate objects, linguistically differentiating between Subjects (S) and Objects (O), and processes, Verbs (V), using the syntactic S-V-O sentence structure. This work also suggests that candidate attributes can be found in the noun modifier in compound nouns, e.g. reserved is the value of an attribute of â€Å"reserved book†.[1] Harmain and Gaizauskas developed a NLP based CASE tool, CM-Builder [2][3], which, automatically constructs an initial class model from NL text. It captures candidate classes, rather than candidate objects. Bà ¶rstler constructs an object model automatically based on pre-specified key words in a use case description. The verbs in the key words are transformed to behaviors and nouns are transformed to objects.[1] Overmyer and Rambow developed NLP system to construct UML class diagrams from NL descriptions. Both these efforts require user interaction to identify OO concepts.[1] The prototype tool developed by Perez-Gonzalez and Kalita supports automatic OO modeling from NL problem descriptions into UML notations, and produces both static and dynamic views. The underlying methodology includes theta roles and semi-natural language.[1] 3. Software Requirements Engineering Software requirements engineering is the science and discipline concerned with establishing and documenting software requirements [6]. It consists of: * Software requirements elicitation:- The process through which the customers (buyers and/or users) and the developer (contractor) of a software system discover, review, articulate, and understand the users needs and the constraints on the software and the development activity. * Software requirements analysis:- The process of analyzing the customers and users needs to arrive at a definition of software requirements. * Software requirements specification:- The development of a document that clearly and precisely records each of the requirements of the software system. * Software requirements verification:- The process of ensuring that the software requirements specification is in compliance with the system requirements, conforms to document standards of the requirements phase, and is an adequate basis for the architectural (preliminary) design phase. * Software requirements management:- The planning and controlling of the requirements elicitation, specification, analysis, and verification activities. In turn, system requirements engineering is the science and discipline concerned with analyzing and documenting system requirements. It involves transforming an operational need into a system description, system performance parameters, and a system configuration This is accomplished through the use of an iterative process of analysis, design, trade-off studies, and prototyping. Software requirements engineering has a similar definition as the science and discipline concerned with analyzing and documenting software requirements. It involves partitioning system requirements into major subsystems and tasks, then allocating those subsystems or tasks to software. It also transforms allocated system requirements into a description of software requirements and performance parameters through the use of an iterative process of analysis, design, trade-off studies, and prototyping. A system can be considered a collection of hardware, software, data, people, facilities, and procedures organized to accomplish some common objectives. In software engineering, a system is a set of software programs that provide the cohesiveness and control of data that enables the system to solve the problem.[6] The major difference between system requirements engineering and software requirements engineering is that the origin of system requirements lies in user needs while the origin of software requirements lies in the system requirements and/or specifications. Therefore, the system requirements engineer works with users and customers, eliciting their needs, schedules, and available resources, and must produce documents understandable by them as well as by management, software requirements engineers, and other system requirements engineers. The software requirements engineer works with the system requirements documents and engineers, translating system documentation into software requirements which must be understandable by management and software designers as well as by software and system requirements engineers. Accurate and timely communication must be ensured all along this chain if the software designers are to begin with a valid set of requirements. [6] 4. Automated Software Engineering Tools Software engineering is concerned with the analysis, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance of large software systems. Automated software engineering focuses on how to automate or partially automate these tasks to achieve significant improvements in quality and productivity. Automated software engineering applies computation to software engineering activities. The goal is to partially or fully automate these activities, thereby significantly increasing both quality and productivity. This includes the study of techniques for constructing, understanding, adapting and modeling both software artifacts and processes. Automatic and collaborative systems are both important areas of automated software engineering, as are computational models of human software engineering activities. Knowledge representations and artificial intelligence techniques applicable in this field are of particular interest, as are formal techniques that support or provide theoretical foundations.[7] Automated software engineering approaches have been applied in many areas of software engineering. These include requirements definition, specification, architecture, design and synthesis, implementation, modeling, testing and quality assurance, verification and validation, maintenance and evolution, configuration management, deployment, reengineering, reuse and visualization. Automated software engineering techniques have also been used in a wide range of domains and application areas including industrial software, embedded and real-time systems, aerospace, automotive and medical systems, Web-based systems and computer games.[7] Research into Automated Software Engineering includes the following areas: * Automated reasoning techniques * Component-based systems * Computer-supported cooperative work * Configuration management * Domain modeling and meta-modeling * Human-computer interaction * Knowledge acquisition and management * Maintenance and evolution * Model-based software development * Modeling language semantics * Ontologies and methodologies * Open systems development * Product line architectures * Program understanding * Program synthesis * Program transformation * Re-engineering * Requirements engineering * Specification languages * Software architecture and design * Software visualization * Testing, verification, and validation * Tutoring, help, and documentation systems 5. Natural Language Processing Natural language processing (NLP) is a subfield of artificial intelligence and linguistics. It studies the problems of automated generation and understanding of natural human languages. Natural language generation systems convert information from computer databases into normal-sounding human language, and natural language understanding systems convert samples of human language into more formal representations that are easier for computer programs to manipulate. 5.1. Language Processing Language processing can be divided into two tasks:[11] * Processing written text, using lexical, syntactic, and semantic knowledge of the language as well as any required real world information.[11] * Processing spoken language, using all the information needed above, plus additional knowledge about phonology as well as enough additional information to handle the further ambiguities that arise in speech.[11] 5.2. Uses for NLP: 5.2.1. User interfaces. Better than obscure command languages. It would be nice if you could just tell the computer what you want it to do. Of course we are talking about a textual interface not speech.[10] 5.2.2. Knowledge-Acquisition. Programs that could read books and manuals or the newspaper. So you dont have to explicitly encode all of the knowledge they need to solve problems or do whatever they do.[10] 5.2.3. Information Retrieval. Find articles about a given topic. Program has to be able somehow to determine whether the articles match a given query.[10] 5.2.4. Translation. It sure would be nice if machines could automatically translate from one language to another. This was one of the first tasks they tried applying computers to. It is very hard.[10] 5.3. Linguistic levels of Analysis Language obeys regularities and exhibits useful properties at a number of somewhat separable levels.[10] Think of language as transfer of information. It is much more than that. But that is a good place to start. Suppose that the speaker has some meaning that they wish to convey to some hearer.[10] Speech (or gesture) imposes a linearity on the signal. All you can play with is the properties of a sequence of tokens. Actually, why tokens? Well for one thing that makes it possible to learn.[10] So the other thing to play with is the order the tokens can occur. So somehow, a meaning gets encoded as a sequence of tokens, each of which has some set of distinguishable properties, and is then interpreted by figuring out what meaning corresponds to those tokens in that order.[10] Another way to think about it is that the properties of the tokens and their sequence somehow elicits an understanding of the meaning. Language is a set of resources to enable us to share meanings, but isnt best thought of as a means for *encoding* meanings. This is a sort of philosophical issue perhaps, but if this point of view is true, it makes much of the AI approach to NLP somewhat suspect, as it is really based on the encoded meanings view of language.[10] The lowest level is the actual properties of the signal stream: phonology speech sounds and how we make them morphology the structure of words syntax how the sequences are structured semantics meanings of the strings There are important interfaces among all of these levels. For example sometimes the meaning of sentences can determine how individual words are pronounced.[10] This many levels is obviously needed. But language turns out to be more clever than this. For example, language can be more efficient by not having to say the same thing twice, so we have pronouns and other ways of making use of what has already been said: A bear went into the woods. It found a tree. Also, since language is most often used among people who are in the same situation, it can make use of features of the situation: this/that you/me/they here/there now/then The mechanisms whereby features of the context, whether it is the context created by a sequence of sentences, or the actual context where the speaking happens is called pragmatics.[10] Another issue has to do with the fact that the simple model of language as information transfer is clealy not right. For one thing, we know there are at least the following three types of sentences: statements imperatives questions And each of them can be used to do a different kind of thing. The first *might* be called information transfer. But what about imperatives? What about questions? To some degree the analysis of such sentences can involve the ideas of a basic notion of meaning Speech acts.[10] There are other, higher-levels of structuring that language exhibits. For example there is conversational structure, where people know when they get to talk in a conversation, and what constitutes a valid contribution. There is narrative structure whereby stories are put together in ways that make sense and are interesting. There is expository structure which involves the way that informative texts (like encyclopedias) are arranged so as to usefully convey information. These issues blend off from linguistics into literature and library science, among other things.[10] Of course with hypertext and multi-media and virtual reality, these higher levels of structure are being explored in new ways.[10] 5.4. Steps in Natural Language Understanding The steps in the process of natural language understanding are:[11] 5.4.1. Morphological analysis Individual words are analyzed into their components, and non-word tokens (such as punctuation) are separated from the words. For example, in the phrase Bills house the proper noun Bill is separated from the possessive suffix s.[11] 5.4.2. Syntactic analysis. Linear sequences of words are transformed into structures that show how the words relate to one another. This parsing step converts the flat list of words of the sentence into a structure that defines the units represented by that list. Constraints imposed include word order (manager the key is an illegal constituent in the sentence I gave the manager the key); number agreement; case agreement.[11] 5.4.3. Semantic analysis. The structures created by the syntactic analyzer are assigned meanings. In most universes, the sentence Colorless green ideas sleep furiously [Chomsky, 1957] would be rejected as semantically anomalous. This step must map individual words into appropriate objects in the knowledge base, and must create the correct structures to correspond to the way the meanings of the individual words combine with each other. [11] 5.4.4. Discourse integration. The meaning of an individual sentence may depend on the sentences that precede it and may influence the sentences yet to come. The entities involved in the sentence must either have been introduced explicitly or they must be related to entities that were. The overall discourse must be coherent. [11] 5.4.5. Pragmatic analysis. The structure representing what was said is reinterpreted to determine what was actually meant. [11] 5.5. Syntactic Processing Syntactic parsing determines the structure of the sentence being analyzed. Syntactic analysis involves parsing the sentence to extract whatever information the word order contains. Syntactic parsing is computationally less expensive than semantic processing.[10] A grammar is a declarative representation that defines the syntactic facts of a language. The most common way to represent grammars is as a set of production rules, and the simplest structure for them to build is a parse tree which records the rules and how they are matched. [10] Sometimes backtracking is required (e.g., The horse raced past the barn fell), and sometimes multiple interpretations may exist for the beginning of a sentence (e.g., Have the students who missed the exam ). [10] Example: Syntactic processing interprets the difference between John hit Mary and Mary hit John. 5.6. Semantic Analysis After (or sometimes in conjunction with) syntactic processing, we must still produce a representation of the meaning of a sentence, based upon the meanings of the words in it. The following steps are usually taken to do this: [10] 5.6.1. Lexical processing. Look up the individual words in a dictionary. It may not be possible to choose a single correct meaning, since there may be more than one. The process of determining the correct meaning of individual words is called word sense disambiguation or lexical disambiguation. For example, Ill meet you at the diamond can be understood since at requires either a time or a location. This usually leads to preference semantics when it is not clear which definition we should prefer. [10] 5.6.2. Sentence-level processing. There are several approaches to sentence-level processing. These include semantic grammars, case grammars, and conceptual dependencies. [10] Example: Semantic processing determines the differences between such sentences as The ink is in the pen and The ink is in the pen. 5.6.3. Discourse and Pragmatic Processing. To understand most sentences, it is necessary to know the discourse and pragmatic context in which it was uttered. In general, for a program to participate intelligently in a dialog, it must be able to represent its own beliefs about the world, as well as the beliefs of others (and their beliefs about its beliefs, and so on).[10] The context of goals and plans can be used to aid understanding. Plan recognition has served as the basis for many understanding programs PAM is an early example. [10] 5.7. Issues in Syntax For various reasons, a lot of attention in computational linguistics has been paid to syntax. Partly this has to do with the fact that real linguistics have spent a lot of work on it. Partly because it needs to be done before just about anything else can be done. I wont talk much about morphology. We will assume that words can be associated with a set of features or properties. For example the word dog is a noun, it is singular, its meaning involves a kind of animal. The word dogs is related, obviously, but has the property of being plural. The word eat is a verb, it is in what we might call the base form, it denotes a particular kind of action. The word ate is related, it is in the past tense form. You can imagine Im sure that the techniques of knowledge representation that we have looked at can be applied to the problem of representing facts about the properties and relations among words. [11] The key observation in the theory of syntax is that the words in a sentence can be more or less naturally grouped into what are called phrases, and those phrases can often be treated as a unit. So in a sentence The dog chased the bear, the sequence the dog forms a natural unit. The sequence chased the bear is a natural unit, as is the bear.[11] Why do I say that the dog is a natural unit? Well one thing is that I can replace it by another sequence that has the same referent, or a related referent. For example I could replace it by: [11] Snoopy (a name) It (a pronoun) My brothers favorite pet (a more complex description) What about chased the bear? Again, I could replace it by died (a single word) was hit by a truck (a more complex event) This basic structure, in English, is sometimes called the subject-predicate structure. The subject is a nominal, something that can refer to an object or thing, the predicate is a verb phrase, which describes an action or event. Of course, as in the example, the verb phrase can also contain other constituents, for example another nominal. [11] These phrases also have structure. For example a noun phrase (a kind of nominal) can have a determiner, zero or more adjectives, and a noun, maybe followed by another phrase, like: the big dog that ate my homework Verb phrases can have complicated verb groups like will not be eaten Syntactic theories try to predict and explain what patterns are used in a language. Sometimes this involves figuring out what patterns just dont work. For example the following sentences have something wrong with them: [11] * the dogs runs home * he died the book * she saw himself in the mirror * they told it to she Figuring out exactly what is wrong with such sentences allows linguists to create theories that help understand the way that sentences